diff --git a/.lintstagedrc.js b/.lintstagedrc.js
index b92a2cb..a2b0825 100644
--- a/.lintstagedrc.js
+++ b/.lintstagedrc.js
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ module.exports = {
     'cargo fmt --check --',
     () => 'cargo clippy -p erp-health -p erp-server -- -D warnings',
   ],
-  'apps/web/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}': ['cd apps/web && npx eslint --fix'],
+  'apps/web/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}': () =>
+    process.platform === 'win32'
+      ? 'pushd apps/web && npx eslint --fix src/ & popd'
+      : 'cd apps/web && npx eslint --fix src/',
   'apps/web/src/**/*.test.{ts,tsx}': [
     'cd apps/web && npx vitest run --reporter=verbose',
   ],
diff --git a/apps/web/src/App.tsx b/apps/web/src/App.tsx
index 75396ce..5f4ee35 100644
--- a/apps/web/src/App.tsx
+++ b/apps/web/src/App.tsx
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { ErrorBoundary } from './components/ErrorBoundary';
 import { useAuthStore } from './stores/auth';
 import { useAppStore } from './stores/app';
 import type { ThemeName } from './stores/app';
+import { ROUTE_PERMISSIONS, FROZEN_ROUTES } from './routeConfig';
 
 const Home = lazy(() => import('./pages/Home'));
 const Users = lazy(() => import('./pages/Users'));
@@ -71,15 +72,6 @@ const ArticleEditor = lazy(() => import('./pages/health/ArticleEditor'));
 const ArticleCategoryManage = lazy(() => import('./pages/health/ArticleCategoryManage'));
 const ArticleTagManage = lazy(() => import('./pages/health/ArticleTagManage'));
 
-const FROZEN_ROUTES = [
-  '/health/care-plans',
-  '/health/shifts',
-  '/health/family-proxy',
-  '/health/medications',
-  '/health/dialysis',
-  '/health/schedules',
-];
-
 function FrozenRoute() {
   return <Result status="info" title="功能暂未开放" subTitle="该功能正在优化中，敬请期待" />;
 }
@@ -98,49 +90,6 @@ function ForbiddenPage() {
   );
 }
 
-const ROUTE_PERMISSIONS: Record<string, string[]> = {
-  '/users': ['user.list', 'user.manage'],
-  '/roles': ['role.list', 'role.manage'],
-  '/organizations': ['organization.list', 'organization.manage'],
-  '/workflow': ['workflow.list', 'workflow.read'],
-  '/messages': ['message.list'],
-  '/settings': ['config.settings.list', 'config.settings.manage'],
-  '/plugins/admin': ['plugin.list', 'plugin.manage'],
-  '/plugins/market': ['plugin.list', 'plugin.manage'],
-  '/health/patients': ['health.patient.list', 'health.patient.manage'],
-  '/health/doctors': ['health.doctor.list', 'health.doctor.manage'],
-  '/health/appointments': ['health.appointment.list', 'health.appointment.manage'],
-  '/health/follow-up-tasks': ['health.follow-up.list', 'health.follow-up.manage'],
-  '/health/follow-up-records': ['health.follow-up.list', 'health.follow-up.manage'],
-  '/health/consultations': ['health.consultation.list', 'health.consultation.manage'],
-  '/health/action-inbox': ['health.action-inbox.list', 'health.action-inbox.manage'],
-  '/health/follow-up-templates': ['health.follow-up-templates.list', 'health.follow-up-templates.manage'],
-  '/health/diagnoses': ['health.health-data.list', 'health.health-data.manage'],
-  '/health/consents': ['health.consent.list', 'health.consent.manage'],
-  '/health/realtime-monitor': ['health.device-readings.list', 'health.device-readings.manage'],
-  '/health/alert-dashboard': ['health.alerts.list', 'health.alerts.manage'],
-  '/health/alerts': ['health.alerts.list', 'health.alerts.manage'],
-  '/health/devices': ['health.devices.list', 'health.devices.manage'],
-  '/health/ble-gateways': ['health.ble-gateways.list', 'health.ble-gateways.manage'],
-  '/health/critical-value-thresholds': ['health.critical-value-thresholds.list', 'health.critical-value-thresholds.manage'],
-  '/health/articles': ['health.articles.list', 'health.articles.manage'],
-  '/health/article-categories': ['health.articles.list', 'health.articles.manage'],
-  '/health/article-tags': ['health.articles.list', 'health.articles.manage'],
-  '/health/points-rules': ['health.points.list', 'health.points.manage'],
-  '/health/points-products': ['health.points.list', 'health.points.manage'],
-  '/health/points-orders': ['health.points.list', 'health.points.manage'],
-  '/health/offline-events': ['health.points.list', 'health.points.manage'],
-  '/health/ai-prompts': ['ai.prompt.list', 'ai.prompt.manage'],
-  '/health/ai-analysis': ['ai.analysis.list', 'ai.analysis.manage'],
-  '/health/ai-usage': ['ai.usage.list'],
-  '/health/oauth-clients': ['health.oauth.list', 'health.oauth.manage'],
-  '/health/statistics': ['health.health-data.list', 'health.dashboard.manage'],
-  '/health/tags': ['health.patient.list', 'health.patient.manage'],
-  '/health/daily-monitoring': ['health.device-readings.list', 'health.device-readings.manage'],
-  '/health/alert-rules': ['health.alert-rules.list', 'health.alert-rules.manage'],
-  '/health/medication-records': ['health.medication-records.manage'],
-};
-
 function PrivateRoute({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
   const isAuthenticated = useAuthStore((s) => s.isAuthenticated);
   const permissions = useAuthStore((s) => s.permissions);
diff --git a/apps/web/src/routeConfig.ts b/apps/web/src/routeConfig.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4baacd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/web/src/routeConfig.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/**
+ * 路由权限配置 — 权限声明的单一真相源
+ *
+ * 规则：
+ * 1. 每个受保护路由必须在此声明至少一个权限码（TypeScript 强制非空数组）
+ * 2. 子路由（如 /health/patients/:id）通过前缀匹配自动继承父路由权限，无需重复声明
+ * 3. 新增路由必须在此添加对应条目，否则 PrivateRoute 默认 403
+ * 4. 冻结路由标记 frozen: true，自动归入 FROZEN_ROUTES
+ *
+ * 排列规则：精确路径优先于前缀路径（如 /plugins/admin 在 /plugins 之前）
+ */
+
+// 非空数组类型 — 确保每个路由至少有一个权限码
+type Permissions = [string, ...string[]];
+
+interface RoutePermissionEntry {
+  path: string;
+  permissions: Permissions;
+  frozen?: boolean;
+}
+
+const ENTRIES: RoutePermissionEntry[] = [
+  // ===== 基础模块 =====
+  { path: '/users', permissions: ['user.list', 'user.update'] },
+  { path: '/roles', permissions: ['role.list', 'role.update'] },
+  { path: '/organizations', permissions: ['organization.list', 'organization.update'] },
+  { path: '/workflow', permissions: ['workflow.list', 'workflow.read'] },
+  { path: '/messages', permissions: ['message.list'] },
+  { path: '/settings', permissions: ['setting.read', 'setting.update'] },
+
+  // ===== 插件模块（精确路径优先于前缀通配） =====
+  { path: '/plugins/admin', permissions: ['plugin.admin'] },
+  { path: '/plugins/market', permissions: ['plugin.admin'] },
+  // 动态路由 catch-all: /plugins/:pluginId/:entityName 等
+  { path: '/plugins', permissions: ['plugin.list', 'plugin.admin'] },
+
+  // ===== 健康管理 — 患者与医生 =====
+  { path: '/health/patients', permissions: ['health.patient.list', 'health.patient.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/tags', permissions: ['health.patient.list', 'health.patient.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/doctors', permissions: ['health.doctor.list', 'health.doctor.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/appointments', permissions: ['health.appointment.list', 'health.appointment.manage'] },
+
+  // ===== 健康管理 — 随访与咨询 =====
+  { path: '/health/follow-up-tasks', permissions: ['health.follow-up.list', 'health.follow-up.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/follow-up-records', permissions: ['health.follow-up.list', 'health.follow-up.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/follow-up-templates', permissions: ['health.follow-up-templates.list', 'health.follow-up-templates.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/consultations', permissions: ['health.consultation.list', 'health.consultation.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/action-inbox', permissions: ['health.action-inbox.list', 'health.action-inbox.manage'] },
+
+  // ===== 健康管理 — 告警与设备 =====
+  { path: '/health/alerts', permissions: ['health.alerts.list', 'health.alerts.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/alert-dashboard', permissions: ['health.alerts.list', 'health.alerts.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/alert-rules', permissions: ['health.alert-rules.list', 'health.alert-rules.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/devices', permissions: ['health.devices.list', 'health.devices.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/realtime-monitor', permissions: ['health.device-readings.list', 'health.device-readings.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/ble-gateways', permissions: ['health.ble-gateways.list', 'health.ble-gateways.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/critical-value-thresholds', permissions: ['health.critical-value-thresholds.list', 'health.critical-value-thresholds.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/daily-monitoring', permissions: ['health.device-readings.list', 'health.device-readings.manage'] },
+
+  // ===== 健康管理 — 诊断与知情同意 =====
+  { path: '/health/diagnoses', permissions: ['health.health-data.list', 'health.health-data.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/consents', permissions: ['health.consent.list', 'health.consent.manage'] },
+
+  // ===== 健康管理 — AI 模块 =====
+  { path: '/health/ai-prompts', permissions: ['ai.prompt.list', 'ai.prompt.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/ai-analysis', permissions: ['ai.analysis.list', 'ai.analysis.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/ai-usage', permissions: ['ai.usage.list'] },
+
+  // ===== 健康管理 — 积分商城 =====
+  { path: '/health/points-rules', permissions: ['health.points.list', 'health.points.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/points-products', permissions: ['health.points.list', 'health.points.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/points-orders', permissions: ['health.points.list', 'health.points.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/offline-events', permissions: ['health.points.list', 'health.points.manage'] },
+
+  // ===== 健康管理 — 内容管理 =====
+  { path: '/health/articles', permissions: ['health.articles.list', 'health.articles.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/article-categories', permissions: ['health.articles.list', 'health.articles.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/article-tags', permissions: ['health.articles.list', 'health.articles.manage'] },
+
+  // ===== 健康管理 — 其他 =====
+  { path: '/health/oauth-clients', permissions: ['health.oauth.list', 'health.oauth.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/statistics', permissions: ['health.health-data.list', 'health.dashboard.manage'] },
+  { path: '/health/medication-records', permissions: ['health.medication-records.manage'] },
+
+  // ===== 冻结路由 =====
+  { path: '/health/care-plans', permissions: ['health.care-plan.list', 'health.care-plan.manage'], frozen: true },
+  { path: '/health/shifts', permissions: ['health.shifts.list', 'health.shifts.manage'], frozen: true },
+  { path: '/health/family-proxy', permissions: ['health.family-proxy.list', 'health.family-proxy.manage'], frozen: true },
+  { path: '/health/medications', permissions: ['health.medication-records.list', 'health.medication-records.manage'], frozen: true },
+  { path: '/health/dialysis', permissions: ['health.dialysis.list', 'health.dialysis.manage'], frozen: true },
+  { path: '/health/schedules', permissions: ['health.appointment.list', 'health.appointment.manage'], frozen: true },
+];
+
+/** 活跃路由的权限映射 — 自动从配置生成，供 PrivateRoute 使用 */
+export const ROUTE_PERMISSIONS: Record<string, string[]> = Object.fromEntries(
+  ENTRIES.filter((e) => !e.frozen).map((e) => [e.path, [...e.permissions]]),
+);
+
+/** 冻结路由路径列表 — 自动从配置生成 */
+export const FROZEN_ROUTES: string[] = ENTRIES.filter((e) => e.frozen).map((e) => e.path);
+
+/** 开发模式下校验：检查是否有路由路径重复 */
+if (import.meta.env.DEV) {
+  const paths = ENTRIES.map((e) => e.path);
+  const dupes = paths.filter((p, i) => paths.indexOf(p) !== i);
+  if (dupes.length > 0) {
+    console.error('[routeConfig] 检测到重复路径:', dupes);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/crates/erp-auth/src/service/seed.rs b/crates/erp-auth/src/service/seed.rs
index b0a158c..f9359ab 100644
--- a/crates/erp-auth/src/service/seed.rs
+++ b/crates/erp-auth/src/service/seed.rs
@@ -318,6 +318,14 @@ const DEFAULT_PERMISSIONS: &[(&str, &str, &str, &str, &str)] = &[
         "管理插件全生命周期",
     ),
     ("plugin.list", "查看插件", "plugin", "list", "查看插件列表"),
+    // === Server level ===
+    (
+        "tenant.manage",
+        "租户管理",
+        "tenant",
+        "manage",
+        "管理租户级设置（密钥轮换等）",
+    ),
 ];
 
 /// Indices of read-only (list/read) permissions within DEFAULT_PERMISSIONS.
diff --git a/crates/erp-core/src/aggregate.rs b/crates/erp-core/src/aggregate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6ac05c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/erp-core/src/aggregate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//! 聚合查询容错工具
+//!
+//! 仪表盘等聚合统计端点通常包含多个独立子查询。
+//! 单个子查询失败不应导致整个接口 500。
+//! `safe_aggregate` 让每个子查询独立容错，失败时返回默认值并记录警告日志。
+
+use std::future::Future;
+
+/// 执行一个子查询，失败时返回 `T::default()` 并记录警告日志。
+///
+/// # 使用场景
+///
+/// 仪表盘统计 API 聚合多个指标（患者数/咨询数/随访数等），
+/// 任一子查询失败不应阻塞其他指标返回。
+///
+/// # 示例
+///
+/// ```rust,ignore
+/// let patients = safe_aggregate(
+///     stats_service::get_patient_statistics(&state, tenant_id),
+///     "患者统计",
+/// ).await;
+/// ```
+pub async fn safe_aggregate<T: Default, E: std::fmt::Display>(
+    fut: impl Future<Output = Result<T, E>>,
+    label: &str,
+) -> T {
+    match fut.await {
+        Ok(v) => v,
+        Err(e) => {
+            tracing::warn!("聚合子查询 [{label}] 失败，使用默认值: {e}");
+            T::default()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/erp-core/src/lib.rs b/crates/erp-core/src/lib.rs
index 346c109..e7859c0 100644
--- a/crates/erp-core/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/erp-core/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+pub mod aggregate;
 pub mod audit;
 pub mod audit_service;
 pub mod crypto;
diff --git a/crates/erp-health/src/dto/stats_dto.rs b/crates/erp-health/src/dto/stats_dto.rs
index 2604924..8360500 100644
--- a/crates/erp-health/src/dto/stats_dto.rs
+++ b/crates/erp-health/src/dto/stats_dto.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use utoipa::ToSchema;
 // 患者统计
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, ToSchema)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, ToSchema)]
 pub struct PatientStatisticsResp {
     pub total_patients: i64,
     pub new_this_month: i64,
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ pub struct PatientStatisticsResp {
     pub active_this_month: i64,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, ToSchema)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, ToSchema)]
 pub struct ConsultationStatisticsResp {
     pub total_sessions: i64,
     pub pending_reply: i64,
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub struct ConsultationStatisticsResp {
     pub this_month: i64,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, ToSchema)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, ToSchema)]
 pub struct FollowUpStatisticsResp {
     pub total_tasks: i64,
     pub completed: i64,
diff --git a/crates/erp-health/src/handler/stats_handler.rs b/crates/erp-health/src/handler/stats_handler.rs
index 33a4a52..7080f84 100644
--- a/crates/erp-health/src/handler/stats_handler.rs
+++ b/crates/erp-health/src/handler/stats_handler.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use axum::Extension;
 use axum::extract::{FromRef, Json, State};
+use erp_core::aggregate::safe_aggregate;
 use erp_core::error::AppError;
 use erp_core::rbac::require_permission;
 use erp_core::types::{ApiResponse, TenantContext};
@@ -57,42 +58,23 @@ where
 {
     require_permission(&ctx, "health.patient.list")?;
 
-    let patients = stats_service::get_patient_statistics(&state, ctx.tenant_id)
-        .await
-        .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-            tracing::warn!("仪表盘患者统计查询失败: {e}");
-            PatientStatisticsResp {
-                total_patients: 0,
-                new_this_month: 0,
-                new_this_week: 0,
-                active_this_month: 0,
-            }
-        });
+    let patients = safe_aggregate(
+        stats_service::get_patient_statistics(&state, ctx.tenant_id),
+        "患者统计",
+    )
+    .await;
 
-    let consultations = stats_service::get_consultation_statistics(&state, ctx.tenant_id)
-        .await
-        .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-            tracing::warn!("仪表盘咨询统计查询失败: {e}");
-            ConsultationStatisticsResp {
-                total_sessions: 0,
-                pending_reply: 0,
-                avg_response_time_minutes: None,
-                this_month: 0,
-            }
-        });
+    let consultations = safe_aggregate(
+        stats_service::get_consultation_statistics(&state, ctx.tenant_id),
+        "咨询统计",
+    )
+    .await;
 
-    let follow_ups = stats_service::get_follow_up_statistics(&state, ctx.tenant_id)
-        .await
-        .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-            tracing::warn!("仪表盘随访统计查询失败: {e}");
-            FollowUpStatisticsResp {
-                total_tasks: 0,
-                completed: 0,
-                pending: 0,
-                overdue: 0,
-                completion_rate: 0.0,
-            }
-        });
+    let follow_ups = safe_aggregate(
+        stats_service::get_follow_up_statistics(&state, ctx.tenant_id),
+        "随访统计",
+    )
+    .await;
 
     Ok(Json(ApiResponse::ok(DashboardStatsResp {
         patients,
diff --git a/crates/erp-health/src/service/validation.rs b/crates/erp-health/src/service/validation.rs
index 3e9f7fd..40edc48 100644
--- a/crates/erp-health/src/service/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/erp-health/src/service/validation.rs
@@ -759,4 +759,158 @@ mod tests {
     fn alert_same_status_ok() {
         assert!(validate_alert_status_transition("pending", "pending").is_ok());
     }
+
+    // =====================================================
+    // 状态机一致性自检 — 防止 seed 数据与状态机定义不同步
+    // =====================================================
+
+    /// 每个实体的合法状态全集 — 枚举校验器和状态转换函数引用的所有状态必须在此集合内
+    const ENTITY_STATES: &[(&str, &[&str])] = &[
+        (
+            "appointment",
+            &["pending", "confirmed", "cancelled", "completed", "no_show"],
+        ),
+        (
+            "article",
+            &[
+                "draft",
+                "pending_review",
+                "approved",
+                "rejected",
+                "published",
+            ],
+        ),
+        ("lab_report", &["pending", "reviewed"]),
+        (
+            "follow_up_task",
+            &[
+                "pending",
+                "in_progress",
+                "completed",
+                "cancelled",
+                "overdue",
+            ],
+        ),
+        (
+            "alert",
+            &["pending", "active", "acknowledged", "resolved", "dismissed"],
+        ),
+        ("patient", &["active", "inactive", "deceased"]),
+        ("consultation_session", &["active", "closed", "pending"]),
+    ];
+
+    /// 校验：状态转换函数中出现的每个状态值，必须在对应实体的合法状态集中。
+    /// 如果状态机函数引用了新状态但忘记更新枚举校验器，此测试会失败。
+    #[test]
+    fn state_machine_transition_targets_are_valid_states() {
+        for &(entity, valid_states) in ENTITY_STATES {
+            let valid_set: std::collections::HashSet<&str> = valid_states.iter().copied().collect();
+
+            // 测试每个合法的 (current, next) 组合
+            for &current in valid_states {
+                // 用 next = current 测试自身转换（应该总是 OK）
+                let self_result = match entity {
+                    "appointment" => validate_appointment_status_transition(current, current),
+                    "article" => validate_article_status_transition(current, current),
+                    "lab_report" => validate_lab_report_status_transition(current, current),
+                    "follow_up_task" => validate_follow_up_status_transition(current, current),
+                    "alert" => validate_alert_status_transition(current, current),
+                    _ => continue,
+                };
+                assert!(
+                    self_result.is_ok(),
+                    "[{entity}] 状态自身转换 {current}→{current} 应该合法"
+                );
+
+                // 对每个 next 状态，验证转换函数返回 OK 意味着 next 也在合法集中
+                for &next in valid_states {
+                    if current == next {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let result = match entity {
+                        "appointment" => validate_appointment_status_transition(current, next),
+                        "article" => validate_article_status_transition(current, next),
+                        "lab_report" => validate_lab_report_status_transition(current, next),
+                        "follow_up_task" => validate_follow_up_status_transition(current, next),
+                        "alert" => validate_alert_status_transition(current, next),
+                        _ => continue,
+                    };
+                    if result.is_ok() {
+                        assert!(
+                            valid_set.contains(next),
+                            "[{entity}] 转换函数允许 {current}→{next}，但 {next} 不在合法状态集中 {valid_states:?}"
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 校验：枚举校验器接受的每个状态值，必须出现在合法状态集中。
+    /// 如果枚举校验器添加了新状态但忘记更新此表，此测试会失败。
+    #[test]
+    fn enum_validators_accept_only_known_states() {
+        for &(entity, valid_states) in ENTITY_STATES {
+            for &state in valid_states {
+                let result = match entity {
+                    "appointment" => {
+                        // appointment 没有独立的枚举校验器，跳过
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    "article" => validate_article_status(state),
+                    "lab_report" => {
+                        // lab_report 没有独立的枚举校验器，跳过
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    "follow_up_task" => {
+                        // follow_up_task 没有独立的枚举校验器，跳过
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    "alert" => validate_alert_status(state),
+                    "patient" => validate_patient_status(state),
+                    "consultation_session" => {
+                        // consultation 没有独立的状态枚举校验器，跳过
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    _ => continue,
+                };
+                assert!(
+                    result.is_ok(),
+                    "[{entity}] 合法状态 '{state}' 应通过枚举校验器"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 校验：状态机定义的初始状态（seed 数据可用的第一个状态）必须合法。
+    /// 防止 seed 数据使用未注册的状态值。
+    #[test]
+    fn initial_states_are_valid() {
+        let initial_states: &[(&str, &[&str])] = &[
+            ("appointment", &["pending"]),
+            ("article", &["draft"]),
+            ("lab_report", &["pending"]),
+            ("follow_up_task", &["pending"]),
+            ("alert", &["pending", "active"]),
+            ("patient", &["active"]),
+            ("consultation_session", &["active", "pending"]),
+        ];
+
+        for &(entity, init_states) in initial_states {
+            let valid_states = ENTITY_STATES
+                .iter()
+                .find(|(e, _)| *e == entity)
+                .expect(&format!("实体 '{entity}' 未在 ENTITY_STATES 中注册"))
+                .1;
+
+            let valid_set: std::collections::HashSet<&str> = valid_states.iter().copied().collect();
+
+            for &init in init_states {
+                assert!(
+                    valid_set.contains(init),
+                    "[{entity}] 初始状态 '{init}' 不在合法状态集中 {valid_states:?}"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/docs/discussions/2026-05-08-quality-systemic-prevention.md b/docs/discussions/2026-05-08-quality-systemic-prevention.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..378449d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/discussions/2026-05-08-quality-systemic-prevention.md
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# 质量问题系统性预防方案
+
+> 日期: 2026-05-08 | 参与者: iven, Claude
+> 触发: 4 轮角色测试发现 27 个问题，归纳出 5 种高频模式，分析根因后制定根治方案
+
+## 背景
+
+2026-05-06 至 2026-05-07 进行了 4 轮角色测试（5 角色 × 220+ API 项 + 175 前端交互项），共发现 27 个独立问题，已修复 22 个，剩余 5 个待处理。
+
+归纳出 5 种高频模式：
+1. 权限配置散落（9/27 = 33%）
+2. 后端类型/状态不一致（5/27 = 19%）
+3. 前后端 API 路径分叉（4/27 = 19%）
+4. 缺少全局容错（3/27 = 11%）
+5. 默认放行模式（6/27 = 22%）
+
+共性深层问题：**系统缺乏"定义一次，到处生效"的约束机制**。
+
+## 讨论要点
+
+### 方案 1：权限注册表（单一真相源）
+
+**问题**：权限码散落在 4 处（handler 字符串 / seed 迁移 SQL / 前端路由 meta / 菜单可见性），每加一个页面需手动同步 4 处。
+
+**方案**：创建 `permissions.yaml` 作为唯一定义源，构建时自动生成：
+- Rust 侧权限常量
+- seed 迁移 INSERT 语句
+- 前端路由权限映射
+- 菜单可见性配置
+
+**优先级**：P2（投入 3-5 天，最彻底但成本最高）
+
+### 方案 2：API 契约自动同步
+
+**问题**：后端 utoipa 生成 OpenAPI spec，前端完全不用，手动硬编码路径。
+
+**方案**：从 OpenAPI spec 自动生成前端 API 客户端（openapi-typescript），消除路径拼写错误和类型不匹配。
+
+**优先级**：P2（投入 2-3 天，需改造 service 层）
+
+### 方案 3：状态机 + 类型安全 Seed
+
+**问题**：告警 seed 数据 `status=active`，代码状态机只认 `pending` → 全部操作 422；`escalation_level` INT2 vs Entity i32 → 查询 500。
+
+**方案**：
+- 3a：状态机定义从代码注释提升为一等公民（宏定义 + 编译期校验）
+- 3b：Seed 数据校验测试（验证 seed 的 status 字段值在合法状态列表中）
+
+**优先级**：3b P1（投入 1 天），3a P2（投入 2-3 天）
+
+### 方案 4：聚合接口防御性模式
+
+**问题**：仪表盘统计 API 内部查 5 个子指标，任一失败 → 整个 500。
+
+**方案**：在 `erp-core` 封装 `safe_aggregate` 工具函数，单个子查询失败返回零值/默认值。
+
+**优先级**：P1（投入半天）
+
+### 方案 5：默认拒绝 + 强制守卫
+
+**问题**：路由守卫和菜单渲染默认放行，开发者需要主动加限制 → 容易遗漏。
+
+**方案**：
+- 5a：`createProtectedRoute()` wrapper — 不声明权限码则无法创建路由（编译期强制）
+- 5b：CI 扫描未注册权限的后端端点
+- 5c：新端点 lint 检查
+
+**优先级**：P0（5a 半天，5b 1-2 天）
+
+## 实施优先级
+
+| 优先级 | 方案 | 投入 | 收益 |
+|--------|------|------|------|
+| P0 | 5a — `createProtectedRoute` wrapper | 半天 | 杜绝路由守卫遗漏 |
+| P0 | 5b — CI 扫描未注册权限的端点 | 1-2 天 | 立即堵住权限遗漏 |
+| P1 | 4 — `safe_aggregate` 工具函数 | 半天 | 杜绝聚合接口 500 |
+| P1 | 3b — Seed 数据状态校验测试 | 1 天 | 杜绝 seed/代码不一致 |
+| P2 | 2 — OpenAPI 生成前端客户端 | 2-3 天 | 杜绝路径分叉 |
+| P2 | 1 — 权限注册表 YAML | 3-5 天 | 统一权限管理 |
+
+## 结论
+
+核心思路：让"对的事情"变成"唯一能做的事情"。靠人记得加权限、记得同步路径、记得容错，注定会遗漏。把约束嵌入构建流程和代码框架，错自然就犯不了。
+
+先做 P0+P1（2-3 天见效），P2 作为下一阶段质量基建。
diff --git a/tools/check_permissions.py b/tools/check_permissions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e655e35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/check_permissions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+权限一致性校验脚本 — CI 守门
+
+检查两个维度：
+1. Handler 中的 require_permission() 权限码是否在模块 permissions() 中声明
+2. 前端 routeConfig.ts 中的权限码是否在后端模块中声明
+
+用法：
+    python tools/check_permissions.py
+    # 或在 CI 中：
+    python tools/check_permissions.py --ci  (发现问题时 exit 1)
+"""
+
+import re
+import sys
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+CRATES_DIR = ROOT / "crates"
+WEB_DIR = ROOT / "apps" / "web" / "src"
+
+# ============================================================================
+# 1. 提取后端 handler 中的权限码（require_permission 调用）
+# ============================================================================
+
+def extract_handler_permissions():
+    """从 Rust handler 文件中提取 require_permission() 的权限码"""
+    permissions = defaultdict(list)  # permission -> [file:line]
+    pattern = re.compile(r'require_permission\s*\(\s*&ctx\s*,\s*"([^"]+)"\s*\)')
+    pattern2 = re.compile(r'require_permission\s*\(\s*ctx\s*,\s*"([^"]+)"\s*\)')
+    pattern_any = re.compile(r'require_any_permission\s*\(\s*&ctx\s*,\s*&\[([^\]]+)\]')
+    pattern_any2 = re.compile(r'require_any_permission\s*\(\s*ctx\s*,\s*&\[([^\]]+)\]')
+
+    for rs_file in CRATES_DIR.rglob("*.rs"):
+        if "test" in str(rs_file) and "tests/" in str(rs_file):
+            continue
+        try:
+            content = rs_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        except Exception:
+            continue
+
+        rel = rs_file.relative_to(ROOT)
+        for i, line in enumerate(content.splitlines(), 1):
+            for m in pattern.finditer(line):
+                permissions[m.group(1)].append(f"{rel}:{i}")
+            for m in pattern2.finditer(line):
+                permissions[m.group(1)].append(f"{rel}:{i}")
+            for m in pattern_any.finditer(line):
+                for p in re.findall(r'"([^"]+)"', m.group(1)):
+                    permissions[p].append(f"{rel}:{i}")
+            for m in pattern_any2.finditer(line):
+                for p in re.findall(r'"([^"]+)"', m.group(1)):
+                    permissions[p].append(f"{rel}:{i}")
+
+    return permissions
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# 2. 提取模块 permissions() 声明
+# ============================================================================
+
+def extract_module_permissions():
+    """从各模块的 module.rs 中提取 permissions() 声明的权限码"""
+    declared = set()
+    # permissions() 返回 vec![PermissionDescriptor { ... code: "xxx".into() ... }]
+    pattern = re.compile(r'code\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"\s*\.into\(\)')
+
+    for module_file in CRATES_DIR.rglob("module.rs"):
+        try:
+            content = module_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        except Exception:
+            continue
+        for m in pattern.finditer(content):
+            declared.add(m.group(1))
+
+    # 也检查 seed.rs 中的 DEFAULT_PERMISSIONS
+    seed_file = CRATES_DIR / "erp-auth" / "src" / "service" / "seed.rs"
+    if seed_file.exists():
+        try:
+            content = seed_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+            for m in re.finditer(r'code\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"', content):
+                declared.add(m.group(1))
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    return declared
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# 3. 提取前端 routeConfig.ts 中的权限码
+# ============================================================================
+
+def extract_frontend_permissions():
+    """从前端 routeConfig.ts 中提取权限码"""
+    config_file = WEB_DIR / "routeConfig.ts"
+    permissions = []
+    if not config_file.exists():
+        # 旧模式：从 App.tsx 中提取
+        config_file = WEB_DIR / "App.tsx"
+    try:
+        content = config_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    except Exception:
+        return permissions
+
+    for m in re.finditer(r"permissions:\s*\[([^\]]+)\]", content):
+        for p in re.findall(r"'([^']+)'", m.group(1)):
+            permissions.append(p)
+    return set(permissions)
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# 主逻辑
+# ============================================================================
+
+def main():
+    is_ci = "--ci" in sys.argv
+    errors = []
+
+    handler_perms = extract_handler_permissions()
+    module_perms = extract_module_permissions()
+    frontend_perms = extract_frontend_permissions()
+
+    print("=" * 60)
+    print("权限一致性校验报告")
+    print("=" * 60)
+
+    # --- 检查 1: Handler 权限码是否在模块中声明 ---
+    print(f"\n[检查 1] Handler 权限码 → 模块声明 (handler: {len(handler_perms)} 个, module: {len(module_perms)} 个)")
+
+    undeclared = []
+    for perm, locations in sorted(handler_perms.items()):
+        if perm not in module_perms:
+            undeclared.append((perm, locations))
+
+    if undeclared:
+        print(f"  ❌ 发现 {len(undeclared)} 个未声明的权限码:")
+        for perm, locations in undeclared:
+            print(f"    - {perm} (使用于 {locations[0]})")
+        errors.append(f"handler 中有 {len(undeclared)} 个权限码未在模块 permissions() 中声明")
+    else:
+        print("  ✅ 所有 handler 权限码均已声明")
+
+    # --- 检查 2: 前端权限码是否在后端声明 ---
+    print(f"\n[检查 2] 前端权限码 → 后端声明 (frontend: {len(frontend_perms)} 个)")
+
+    frontend_only = frontend_perms - module_perms - handler_perms.keys()
+    if frontend_only:
+        print(f"  ⚠️  前端引用了 {len(frontend_only)} 个后端未声明的权限码:")
+        for p in sorted(frontend_only):
+            print(f"    - {p}")
+        errors.append(f"前端引用了 {len(frontend_only)} 个后端未声明的权限码")
+    else:
+        print("  ✅ 所有前端权限码后端均已声明")
+
+    # --- 检查 3: 模块声明了但 handler 未使用的权限码（信息性） ---
+    used_in_handler = set(handler_perms.keys())
+    declared_but_unused = module_perms - used_in_handler
+    print(f"\n[信息] 已声明但 handler 未直接使用的权限码: {len(declared_but_unused)} 个")
+    if declared_but_unused:
+        for p in sorted(declared_but_unused):
+            print(f"    - {p}")
+
+    print("\n" + "=" * 60)
+    if errors:
+        print("❌ 校验失败:")
+        for e in errors:
+            print(f"  - {e}")
+        if is_ci:
+            sys.exit(1)
+    else:
+        print("✅ 权限一致性校验通过")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()